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(a) The natural precepts weregiven in order to recall to the minds of men the laws knowable throughreason which had become obscured through passion, custom or example. We have left it in space. If on Sunday, one is where there is only a schismaticalchurch, one is excused from the obligation of hearing Mass, and may nothear Mass in that church (Holy Office, December 5, 1608; August 7,1704). (b) The decision of doubtful cases before the courts was the purpose ofthe judicial duels fought among the Germans and Lombards in the earlyMiddle Ages.

that he maymore easily and perfectly fulfill the laws of Christ, and to protectand promote the welfare of the ,automatic acts, such as the acts of the vegetative powers, growth,circulation of the blood; pathological acts, such as convulsions; actsdone under external violence). As to those who have not yet passed from this mortal life, somehave hope, others have it not. Since free consent is implied in the concept of formal sin, noneof the internal or external causes of sin just mentioned, the choice ofthe will alone excepted, can actually effect sin.